Passage Four

本文是一篇问题分析型论说文。文章首先指出了学术界的一个新现象：科学类论文的作者的数量在不断增加，而且这一现象给杂志和学术机构带来了不少麻烦。文章同时分析了几种解决办法是否可行。

 The average number of authors on scientific papers is sky-rocketing. That’s partly because labs are bigger, problems are more complicated, and more different subspecialties are needed. But it’s also because U.S. government agencies have started to promote “team science.” As physics developed in the post-World War Ⅱ era, federal funds built expensive national facilities, and

these served as surfaces on which collaborations could crystallize naturally.①

   Yet multiple authorship --- however good it maybe in other ways --- presents questions for journals and for the institutions in which these authors work.②For the journals, long lists of authors are hard to deal with in themselves. But those long lists give rise to more serious questions when something goes wrong with the paper.③ If there is research misconduct, how should the liability be allocated among the authors? If there is an honest mistake in one part of the work but not in others, how should an evaluator aim his or her review? Various practical or impractical suggestions have emerged during the long-standing debate on this issue. One is that each author should provide, and the journal should then publish, an account of that author’s particular contribution to the work. But a different view of the problem, and perhaps of the solution, comes as we get to university committee on appointments and promotions, which is where the authorship rubber really meets the road. ④Half a lifetime of involvement with this process has taught me how much authorship matters. I have watched committees attempting to decode sequences of names, agonize over whether a much-cited paper was really the candidate’s work or a coauthor’s, and send back recommendations asking for more specificity about the division of responsibility.

   Problems of this kind change the argument, supporting the case for asking authors to define their own roles. After all, if quality judgments about individuals are to be made on the basis of their personal contributions, then the judges better know what they did. But if questions arise about the validity of the work as a whole, whether as challenges to its conduct or as evaluations of its influence in the field, a team is a team, and the members should share the credit or the blame.⑤ (367 words)

Notes：

 ①原因状语从句。Serve as surface 作为一种表象。Crystallize 明确化，具体化。伴随物理学研究在二战后的发展，美国政府机构利用联邦基金建造昂贵的国家科研设备，这些给人们造成了一种表象，在这种表象之下，协作自然就可以明确化。

②破折号引起解释性的分句。以多重作者署名—无论其他方面可能多优秀—给这些作者所服务的杂志和机构提出了问题。

③give rise to 引起，使发生。Something goes wrong with.某方面出现错误。但是，当论文出现错误时，这长长的名单就会导致产生更严重的问题。

④带定语从句的条件状语从句。authorship rubber really meets the road.

署名章真正有了用武之地。但一旦到了大学学术委员会，涉及到任命和提拔时，作者署名就变得至关重要，对于这个问题，也许是解决问题的方法，就会产生不同的观点。

⑤ validity of the work as a whole 整个作品的正确性，challenge to its conduct 对其行为提出异议，share the credit and blame 分享荣誉，分担指责。本句为虚拟条件句，whether 引导分句作为对validity of the work 的限定。但是，如果整个作品的正确性出了问题，那么不管是作为对其行为提出异议还是作为对其所在领域产生的影响的研究，团队就是团队，其成员应该荣辱与共。

 51. According to the passage, there is a tendency that scientific papers__.

A. are getting more complicated            

B. are dealing with bigger problems

C. are more of a product of team work

D. are focusing more on natural than on social sciences

 52. One of the problems with multiple authorship is that it is hard____.

A.to allocate the responsibility if the paper goes wrong    

B.B. to decide on how much contribution each reviewer has made

C. C. to assign the roles that the different authors are to play   

D.D. to correspond with the authors when the readers feel the need to

53.According to the passage, authorship is important when ______.

A. practical or impractical suggestions of the authors are considered

B. appointments and promotions of the authors are involved

C. evaluators need to review the publication of the authors    

D. the publication of the authors has become much-cited

54.According to the passage, whether multiple authors of a paper should be taken collectively or individually depends on _____.

A.whether judgments are made about the paper or its authors  

B. whether it is the credit or the blame that the authors need to share

C. how many authors are involved in the paper    

D. where the paper has been published

55.The best title for the passage can be _____.

A.Writing Scientific Papers: Publish or Perish     

B. Collaboration and Responsibility in Writing Scientific Papers

 C. Advantages and Disadvantages of Team Science    

D. Multiple Authors, Multiple Problems

CABAD "