Section I Use of English

Directions:

Readthe following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Thoughnot biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of Californiaand Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,has__(2)_.

Thestudy is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairsof unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used inboth_(5)_.

While1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor ofmedical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_theirfourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_ourkin.”

Thestudy_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends butnot genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficultto explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similarenvironments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms workingtogether that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functionalKinship” of being friends with_(14)_!

Oneof the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to beevolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why humanevolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being amajor_(17)_factor.

Thefindings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those ofsimilar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects weredrawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that allsubjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.

1.[A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what

【答案】[D] what

【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。根据句子结构和选项的特点，可以判断出空格处应填从属连词引导从句;再根据句子的内容，可以看出该从句是一项研究的相关内容(what)，不是指研究的时间(when)， 原因(why)和方式(how)，因此，该题的答案为what。

2.[A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised

【答案】[B] concluded

【解析】从此题所在的句子的前后内容可以判断出，that is_______ 中的that是指第一句话的内容(朋友与我们基因上的相关性)，很显然是研究得出的结论。因此，答案为concluded。

3.[A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by

【答案】[C] on

【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容(研究对1932分独特的受试者进行分析)判断出进行分析的对象是1932 unique subjects。conduct analysis on…是固定表达。

4.[A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected

【答案】[A] compared

【解析】该空格所在的句子是which 引导的定语从句修饰study,意思是：对几对基因不相关的朋友和陌生人进行_______。因为“研究”的内容是关于朋友间基因上的相关性问题，所以完整的意思应该是：对几对基因不相关的朋友和陌生人进行比较。所以最佳答案为compared。

5. [A]tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples

【答案】[C] samples

【解析】根据空格的前后内容判断，到第五个空为止，文章都在讲实验过程，和实验对象，第五个空格所在句子的内容是：相同的人们都用于实验中的这两类______。所以根据上下文语境和内容，应该选与实验对象相对应的samples(样例).因此，答案是samples。

6.[A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible

【答案】[A]insignificant

【解析】空的语境为：尽管这1%看起来似乎____，但是遗传学家可不这么认为。空前后形成对比转折的逻辑关系，而从后文列举的例子中可知遗传学家James Fowler对这1%基因的态度是肯定的，故答案为A。

7.[A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know

【答案】[D] know

【解析】空的语境为：大多数人甚至不____他们隔三代的表亲，但却设法选择那些____我们亲戚的人作为朋友。填入的词必须满足前后句之间的转折逻辑关系，四个选项带入，只有D选项符合上下文语义。

8.[A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass

【答案】[A] resemble

【解析】空的语境为：大多数人甚至不认识他们隔三代的表亲，但却设法选择那些____我们亲戚的人作为朋友。根据全文中心：基因上的相似性，可知本题选择A。

9.[A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus

【答案】[B] also

【解析】空所在的句子开头用“Thestudy…”,显然这是对上文话题的继续阐述，前文指出研究发现朋友与我们有1%的基因关系，而空所在句“the genes for smell were something shared in friends”在进一步详细讨论该话题，前后之间是顺接关系，故答案为B。

10.[A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps

【答案】[D] Perhaps

【解析】从选项和文字中句子结构可以判断，空格处要求填入一个能够体现前后两个句子逻辑关系的副词，空前的句子谈到“为什么在嗅觉基因方面存在相似性还很难解释”，空后却紧接着对此得出一个相关结论，很明显是矛盾的，所以此结论只能是一种不确定的推测，故答案为D。

11.[A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like

【答案】[B] to

【解析】该题为介词选择题。后半句出现比较级，可见是和前文形成比较关系，因此和上半句介词保持一致，用介词to。该句翻译：它(这种相似性)吸引我们到相同的环境，并且使我们更为相似。因此答案为to。

12.[A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit

【答案】[A] drive

【解析】该句意思为：很多机制共同作用，从而_____我们选择基因相似的朋友，_____和_____交朋友的“功能关系”。根据上下文可知，此处所填入动词需符合结构_____sb. in doing sth，B选项observe(观察，遵守)和C选项confuse(困惑)均无此用法。符合该结构只有A选项drive(驱使)和D选项limit(限制)。根据上下文可得知：这些机制驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友，符合文章主题。如果选限制则为反向干扰。因此答案为drive。

13.[A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with

【答案】[B] rather than

【解析】所填词为逻辑关系短语，空前说选择基因相似的朋友，空后说具有“实用关系”的朋友，可知前后为对立关系，并且根据文章主题，可知肯定前者而否定后者，可锁定B选项rather than。A选项according to(根据)没有体现出对立及取舍关系，因此排除;C选项regardless of(不管)表让步关系，干扰性较强，但文章更强调取前舍后，因此排除;D选项along with(伴随)表顺接，故排除。故答案为rather than。

14.[A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits

【答案】[D] benefits

【解析】根据前文functionalkinship(实用关系)可得出D选项benefits(利益)，前后形成呼应。A选项chances(机会)、B选项responses(反应)、C选项missions(使命)均不符合题意。故答案为benefits。

15.[A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier

【答案】[C] faster

【解析】该句为：evolving______ than other genes(比其他基因进化得______). 根据同词复现，我们找到该段第二句话中：human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years(人类进化在过去30000年间提速)。C 选项faster与下文picked pace(加速)形成呼应，故答案为faster。

16.[A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express

【答案】[C] understand

【解析】此题考查动词。根据语意。空格后面是一个why引导的宾语从句，意为“人类进化在过去三万年间得以加速的原因”，表示这一研究的结果和意义。能与这一宾语从句构成搭配的只有C选项understand。A选项forecast“预测”与“过去三万年”相矛盾，B选项remember“记住”和D选项“express”均不符合文意。

17.[A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive

【答案】[B] contributory

2015年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版

【解析】此空需要填入一个形容词，表达社会环境对人类进步所起到的作用。help，pick pace这两个词表达的都是积极的含义，因此此处需要填入一个带有褒义的感情色彩的词，因此排除A选项“不可预测的”和D选项“破坏性的”; B 而C选项“可控的”,与语意无关;因此正确答案为B选项contributory“促进的”。

18.[A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency

【答案】[D] tendency

【解析】此处进一步陈述这一研究的结论。A选项endeavor“努力”，B选项“决定”，C选项“安排”，D选项“倾向”。本文的主旨重在解释人们在交朋友的不自觉的一种倾向，而非通过人为的有意识的举动来选择朋友。因此正确答案为D。

19.[A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic

【答案】[C] ethnic

【解析】结合文意，人们普遍希望和有相似基因背景的人。C选项ethnic意为“种族的，民族的”，是对上文中多次重复出现的genes,以及下文的the same population的同义复现。因此正确答案为C。 A选项political“政治的”， B选项“宗教的”，D选项“经济的”均不符合原文文意。

20.[A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell

【答案】[A] see

【解析】此处考察动词，动词势必要看前后搭配。see that 构成固定词组，意为“务必使……”，符合文意，即：即使所有的受访者都拥有欧洲血统，(研究者们)仍然悉心确保所有的受访者、朋友和陌生人都来自于同一群种。选项B“展示”,选项C“证明”，选项D“辨别”均无此含义，且不符合文意。

Section II Reading Comprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthe following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in therecent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, doesthe Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does thatmean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificentuniforms and majestic lifestyle?

TheSpanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinionis particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime,monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of nationalunity.

It isthis apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuingpopularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting VaticanCity and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf andAsia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid thedifficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Evenso, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity asthey claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time whenThomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and theincreasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocraticfamilies should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

Themost successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocraticways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (orhelicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with theinternational 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult tomaintain the right image.

WhileEurope’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time tocome, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It isonly the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her ratherordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, whohas both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survivedbecause they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political headsof state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, notrepublicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.

21.According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

[A]used turn enjoy high public support

[B]was unpopular among European royals

[C]cased his relationship with his rivals

[D]endedhis reign in embarrassment

【答案】[D] ended hisreign in embarrassment

【解析】事实细节题。根据题干要求，定位到文章前两段。而文章第一段的第二句话提到“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican leftin the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.”(在最近的欧洲选举中，令人尴尬的丑闻和受欢迎的共和党，均迫使Carlos收回前言并退位)。D选项中，“stand down”是“end reign”的同义置换，且“embarrassment”与导致Carlos卸任的原因“embarrassing scandals”是相呼应的。故D是正确答案。A、B、C均属于无中生有。

22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

[A]owing to their undoubted and respectable status

[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality

[C]to give voter more public figures to look up to

[D]dueto their everlasting political embodiment

【答案】[A] owing totheir undoubted and respectable status

【解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键词“monarchs”和“heads of state”，定位到第三段的最后一句话“...most royalfamilies have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.”(大多数的王室幸存下来是由于他们让选民可以避免去寻找一个不受争议且受尊敬的公众人物的困难)其中“non-controversial but respected publicfigure”正是A选项中“undoubted andrespectable status”的同义置换。故A是正确答案。

23.Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

[A]Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth

[B]The role of the nobility in modern democracies

[C]The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families

[D]Thenobility’s adherence to their privileges

【答案】[B] The role ofthe nobility in modern democracies

【解析】事实细节题。定位在第四段的最后一句话“...it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still bethe symbolic heart of modern democratic states.”(离奇的是，富有的贵族竟然仍是现代民主国家的象征核心)其中，the symbolic heart of modern democraticstates是题干the role of the nobility in modern democracies的同义置换。

24.The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles

[A]takes a rough line on political issues

[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised

[C]takes republicans as his potential allies

[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role

【答案】[D] fails toadapt himself to his future role

【解析】事实细节题。该题考查：英国皇家贵族们非常害怕是因为查尔斯……。根据题干专有名词Charles可定位到文章第七段“the danger will come with Charles...worst enemies”。本段指出“危险源自于查尔斯，他生活奢靡，等级观念显著;并且他没有意识到君王的幸存很大程度上取决于君王提供了公共服务，同时，查尔斯并不知道，国王才是君主制度最大的敌人，而非共和党人。”选项A意为：对待政治问题态度强硬，文章并无提及;选项B意为，对待建议的生活方式改变失败，文章中提到生活方式，但并未提到改变生活方式;选项C意为：视共和党人为潜在盟友，文章中提到，共和党人并非最大的敌人，并未指明把共和党人视为盟友，属于偷换概念，选项D意为：适应未来身份失败，文章指出查尔斯的生活方式，世界观以及他对于君王制度的错误理解均为身份特殊的他的不正确言行，与选项D表述吻合，故为正确答案。

25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?

[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined

[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne

[C]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs

[D]Charles,Slow to React to the Coming Threats

【答案】[C] Carlos, aLesson for All European Monarchs

【解析】主旨大意题。该题考察四个选项中哪个可作为文章最佳标题。文章从西班牙国王Carlos退位事件切入，主要讨论当下欧洲君王制度所存在的问题，并非讨论查尔斯的事件，即可排除选项B“查尔斯—继位焦虑”和D“查尔斯—应对威胁缓慢”，而选项A“卡洛斯—荣辱并存” 和C“卡洛斯—欧洲君王们的前车之鉴”中，选项A属于细节信息，不能概括文章大意，选项C可概括，故为正确答案。另外，文章主题词Monarch只有在选项C中出现，也可作为迅速解题的依据。 

Text 2

Justhow much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Courtwill now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

Californiahas asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one thatupsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessionsof suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, forjudges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

Thecourt would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough ofthe implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can andshould provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

Theyshould start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring thecontents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — issimilar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled thatpolice don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet orpocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone ismore like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’sreading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive recordsof recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, hasmade that exploration so much the easier.

Americansshould take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitiveinformation on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizensstill have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protectedby the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As sooften is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge ofline-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities toobtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidateFourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and theycould take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased oraltered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow roomfor police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.

Butthe justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptivetechnology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’sprotections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion andaccessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishmentof automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices hadto specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

26.The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

[A]prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.

[B]search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.

[C]check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.

[D]prohibitsuspects from using their mobile phones.

【答案】[C] checksuspects’ phone contents without being authorized

【解析】这是一道事实细节题，根据题干关键词The Supreme Court回文定位到第一段的第二句话，“The SupremeCourt will now consider whether police can search for the contents of a mobilephone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during anarrest”,一一比对选项，原文中的“police can search for the contentsof a mobile phone without a warrant”与选项C “checksuspects’ phone contents without being authorized”是同义替换，其他选项均是无关选项。

27.The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

[A]disapproval.

[B]indifference.

[C]tolerance.

[D]cautiousness.

【答案】[A] disapproval

【解析】本题是观点态度题，考察作者的态度。根据题干关键词“California’s argument”，可以定位到文章第四段第一句“Theyshould start by discarding California’s lame argument…”。由第四段第一句话中的“discard(抛弃)”和“lame(没有说服力的)”可以看出作者对于California’s argument 是不支持的态度，因此选A。

28.The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to

[A]getting into one’s residence.

[B]handling one’s historical records.

[C] scanningone’s correspondences.

[D]going through one’s wallet.

【答案】[A] getting intoone’s residence

【解析】根据题干关键词theauthor believes和“exploring one’s phone contents iscomparable to”可回文定位到文章第四段第三句“But exploring one’ssmartphone is more like entering his or her home”，选项A语义与之一致，其中，getting into与entering对应，one’s residence与his or her home对应，故A选项为正确答案。

29.The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to

[A]principles are hard to be clearly expressed.

[B]the court is giving police less room for action.

[C]citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.

[D]phones are used to store sensitive information.

【答案】[C] citizens’privacy is not effectively protected

【解析】根据题干信息Inparagraphs 5and 6定位第5段第一句话“Americansshould take steps to protect their digital privacy.及第6段最后一句话，...and they could take reasonable measures to.....，可推知作者的顾虑，因此答案为C.

30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

[A]the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.

[B]new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.

[C]California’sargument violates principles of the Constitution.

[D]principlesof the Constitution should never be altered

【答案】[A] theConstitution should be implemented flexibly

【解析】这是一道例证题，根据题干关键词OrinKerr可以回文定位到文章最后一段。作者引用Orin Kerr这个人的比较是为了说明相关的论点。分析最后一段结构可知，最后一段的第三句和第四句都是在阐述该例子本身，所以相关论点应该往前面找，即是第二句话，“New，disruptive technology sometimes demandsnovel applications of the Constitution’s protection”,选项A与之同义替换，其中，be implemented和applications对应，novel和flexibly对应。

Text3

Thejournal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to itspeer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policyfollows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern thatbasic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility ofmany published research findings.

“Readersmust have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writesMcNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, thejournal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewingeditors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by thejournal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or byoutside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticiansto review these manuscripts.

Askedwhether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “Thecreation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with theapplication of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is partof Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research wepublish.”

GiovanniParmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a memberof the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisoryrole.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind theestablishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lastingimpact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Scienceitself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may wantto model their approach after Science.”

JohnIoannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policyis “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak instatistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I thinkthat, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review ismore essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedicaljournals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the AmericanMedical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

Professionalscientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors arealarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cellbiologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, butjournals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who arestatistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says thatScience’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but aweakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘thepapers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.

31.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that

[A]Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.

[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.

[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.

[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.

【答案】[B] journals arestrengthening their statistical checks

【解析】推理题。根据题干直接定位到第一段。解题关键在于第二句The policy follows similar efforts from other journals(该政策得到其他期刊类似的努力)the policy指第一句The journal Science is addingan extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, (《科学》杂志把统计检查额外添加到它的同行评审过程中)，由此可直接推断出正确答案为[B] journals arestrengthening their statistical checks (各大期刊正在加强统计数字检查)。选项[A]中simplify与原文语意不符，所以选项C、D属于无中生有。

32.The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to

[A]found.

[B]marked.

[C]revised.

[D]stored.

【答案】[C] marked

【解析】词义题。根据题干定位回第二段第三句Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by thejournal’s internal editors, (杂志内部编辑将通过更多的审查来标记手稿)。文中运用代入法，把各选项代入句中替换，可知选项C marked(标记)为正确答案。选项Afound(发现，找到)，选项B revised(修改)，选项 D stored(存储)。

33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

[A]pose a threat to all its peers.

[B]meet with strong opposition.

[C]increase Science’s circulation.

[D]setan example for other journals.

【答案】[D] set anexample for other journals

【解析】细节题。根据题干关键词GiovanniParmigiani，the establishment of the SBoRE和may定位到第四段的最后一句“… but hopefully through alarger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach afterScience。选项中的example是model的同义替换，others journals是原文中a larger group ofpublishing places的同义替换。

文章中出现了hopefully，表示作者积极的态度。选项A中的threat，选项B中的opposition分别表达负向消极的态度，所以错误。选项C increaseScience’s circulation(增加《科学》杂志的发行量)，文章并未提到，属于无中生有。

34.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

[A]adds to researchers’ workload.

[B]diminishes the role of reviewers.

[C]has room for further improvement.

[D]isto fail in the foreseeable future

【答案】[C] has room forfurther improvement

【解析】细节题。由题干关键词DavidVaux和Science，可定位到第六段最后一句。Vauxsays that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit,but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”. (《科学》杂志把论文推给统计员审核有一些优点，但缺点是它依赖于审稿编委会首先需要确定审查的文件。)

选项A中workload，选项B. diminish the role of reviewers和选项D中的foreseeable future没有提到，属于无中生有。

35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?

[A]Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.

[B]Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect

[C]Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks

[D]Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science

【答案】A science joinspush to screen statistics in papers

【解析】文章第一段由Science将增加statistical checks引出话题，接下来各段就此问题McNutt,Giovanni Parmigianni, John Ioannidis, David Vaux提出各自的看法。文中statistical，papers反复提及，可知该词是文中核心词。选项B和选项D首先排除，偏离主题，statisticians仅在文中提及，非重点讨论内容;选项C与文中主题相差较大，因此排除。

Text4

Twoyears ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettlingdearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity hadcollapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only“sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.

Drivingher point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence ofpurpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could becomeone of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absenceof moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shieldthought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had withwidespread illegal telephone hacking .

Asthe hacking trial concludes – finding guilty ones-editor of the News of theWorld, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding hispredecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue ofdearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked thephones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as wasacknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long storystill unfolds.

Inmany respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of suchwidespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One ofthe astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went onin her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she neverinquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was thatshe knew nothing.

Intoday’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not beaccountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps weshould not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has beenthat the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that havemattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly,wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Wordsdegraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionalityand accountability.

Thepurpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote readerunderstanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may ormay not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, butshe asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recordedanswers.

36.According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by

[A]the consequences of the current sorting mechanism

[B]companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.

[C]governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.

[D]thewide misuse of integrity among institutions.

【答案】[A] theconsequences of the current sorting mechanism

【解析】通过题干可以将此题锁定在前两段。第一段指出Elisabeth谈到了“我们很多机构都面临着令人沮丧的正直感的丧失”。接下来第二句指出这种正直感的丧失是因为大家普遍认为社会中唯一的分类机制(sortingmechanism)应该是利益和市场。而从第一段最后一句我们看出，她认为“应该是我们人类自己创造我们想要的社会，而不应该是利益”。可见，Elisabeth很不认可目前的这种分类机制(sorting mechanism)以及所造成的不良后果，这也正是她感到沮丧的原因。故A选项consequence of the current sorting mechanism(目前这种分类机制的后果)是真正让她沮丧的原因。

37.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that

[A]Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime

[B]more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.

[C]Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.

[D]phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.

【答案】[B] morejournalists may be found guilty of phone hacking

【解析】第三段第一句指出，AndyCoulson因为参与手机黑客案件被裁定有罪，然而他的前任却被认定是无罪的。通过这一事件，作者得出由此造成的道德沦丧广泛问题依然存在(the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands)。即仍然存在一些人没有被裁定有罪。接着文章指出了在新闻业中，已经有记者被认定非法侵入用户手机。而还有一些在等待审判(others await trial)，由此可以推出，将会有更多的记者因为涉及手机黑客案件而被裁定有罪。故正确答案为选项B。

38.The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference

[A]revealed a cunning personality

[B]centered on trivial issues

[C]was hardly convincing

[D]was part of a conspiracy

【答案】[C] was hardlyconvincing

【解析】根据题干中的“defence”可以回文定位到文章第四段最后一句话。该句指出Ms. Brooks辩护成功的关键在于她对这个事件一无所知(she knewnothing)。而作者在该段第一句话中指出，道德丧失不仅体现在普遍存在的手机黑客这一事实上，更体现在一些审判案件所使用的条款上，其中最震惊的就是对Ms. Brooks的审判。可见，作者对该案的审判持否定态度。因此，认为她的辩护是不可信的。故正确答案为C。

39.The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows

[A]generally distorted values

[B]unfair wealth distribution

[C] amarginalized lifestyle

[D] arigid moral cote

【答案】[A] (generallydistorted values)

【解析】通过题干中的“collectivedoctrine”可以直接定位到文中第五段第三行。该句指出“collective doctrine”是社会的分类机制应该是利益。接下来可以看出，那些真正起作用的是那些表示利益的词“efficiency，flexibility，shareholder value，business-friendly，wealth generation…”，而表示公平、正义的词(Justice，fairness，tolerance…)则被置于边缘。可见，这种教义(collective doctrine)只关注利益，而忽略了公平与正义，这显然是一种扭曲的价值观。故A选项正确。

40.Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?

[A]The quality of writing is of primary importance.

[B]Common humanity is central news reporting.

[C]Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.

[D]Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.

【答案】[C] moralawareness matters in editing a newspaper

【解析】这是一道开放式推理题。作者在最后一段前两句话指出，新闻报道的目的不是为了促进读者的理解，也不是为了追求公平或者违背人类共有的人性，而是通过追求发行量的影响率来破坏人们的生活。即文章从一开始指出的一个问题，为了追求利益而造成了正值感的丧失。从“ruin”一词可以看出，作者对新闻记者的这一行为持否定的态度。并且通过Ms.Brooks女士的行为加以佐证。作者通过正话反说的方式，突出新闻报道过程中正值感的重要性。故正确答案为C，moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper(在新闻报道中，道德意识很重要)，其中moral awareness和integrity是同义互换。

PartB

Directions:

Inthe following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numberedblanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Howdoes your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense ofidentifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships betweenthem, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______youbegin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions aboutwhat kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom,when and where.

Theways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. Butthey show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of activeengagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel thewriter has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence andcues (42) _______

Conceivedin this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for eachreader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or“true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timelessrelation of the text to the world. (43) _______

Suchbackground material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn’t,however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Preciselybecause readers from different historical periods, places and socialexperiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on thepage-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debatesabout texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs andvalues.

Howwe read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest inreading it. (45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introducedlater in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kindof reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally,different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful referencepoints for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up thereading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surroundingtextual environment.

[A]Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils therequirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it forinformation? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differconsiderably from reading in a seminar room.

[B]Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our genderethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certaininterpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.

[C]If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, usingclues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will becomerelevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well aspossible links between them.

[D]Ineffect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any givensentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the authorintended.

[E]Youmake further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant toyou, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personalresponse for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

[F]Inplays，novels andnarrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, notnecessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.

[G]Rather,we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we mightcall textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization orpatterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its languagestructures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief andattitude that we bring to the text.

41【答案】[C] If you are unfamiliar with wordsor idioms...

【解析】从首段疑问句可以看出文章主题围绕如何阅读来进行展开。41题空在段中间，需要看空处的前一句和后一句，前一句说的是要去理解单词的含义，并关注句法，而后一句说开始推测文章语境。所以可以推测出41题空处应该说的是单词语义和语境之间的联系，关键词就是words和context。纵览选项，只有C项符合语境和关键词要求，属同词复现，上下文语义逻辑关联。故正确答案选C。

42【答案】[E] You make further inferences, forinstance...

【解析】该题空在段末，需要看空处的前一句和下一段首句，前一句说的是我们通过作者给出的一些具体线索来理解含义，而下一段首句说通过这种方式表达，每个人的理解都会有所不同。所以可以推测出42空处内容要有关根据作者给的线索推测信息，而且可能会涉及不同的人有不同的理解，关键词是infer,the writer和each reader。纵览选项，只有E项符合语境且出现inferences, the author, personal，属同义词复现。故正确答案选E。

43【答案】[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings totexts on the basis...

【解析】空格后出现明显的指代线索词suchbackground material，所以空格内必定要出现相关的信息，浏览选项，G选项中textual and contextual material，background与空后线索实现代词指代复现。而且G选项中的rather,与空前whatis in question is not...实现语义逻辑关联。确定此选项为正确答案。

44【答案】[B] Factors such as the place andperiod in which...

【解析】空前的线索词为who weare，空后的线索为转折逻辑关系，意思是“但这并不会使得理解仅仅有关联或者毫无意义”，关键词为interpretation，relative，pointless，空格中需要出现与此相关联的词汇，浏览后面选项，B选项中出现原词interpretations，而且此选项中的gender, ethnicity, age, social class与空前线索词whowe are 相对应。确定正确答案为此选项。

45【答案】[A] Are we studying that text andtrying to respond...

【解析】空格在最后一段的中间，线索需要从空格前后寻找，空前为概括的句子，关键词为particular interest,空后出现代词指代的线索，suchdimensions of reading suggest,结合关键词可以得知空格所填的部分内容需要涉及到“阅读的兴趣以及阅读维度”，浏览选项，A选项提到的诸多问题正是有关读书的兴趣以及阅读的维度。因此确定A为正确选项。

Section III Translation

Directions:

Readthe following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10points)

Withinthe span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries,a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept fromEurope to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diversemotivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped thecharacter and destiny of an uncharted continent.

47)The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration ofEuropean peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristicsand the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity,colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic camesuccessive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen,Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditionsto the new world.

48)But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay ofthe varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty ofmaintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was anew social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways,had a character that was distinctly American.

49)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now theUnited States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thrivingSpanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and SouthAmerica. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifullyovercrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted onbarely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, manypassengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimesstorms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearablylong delay.

“Tothe anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almostinexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse ofthe new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with itsrichness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house whichextended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes andnaval stores.

46【参考译文】在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次(移民)运动在一片荒野上建立了一个国家，并且就本质而言，塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

47【参考译文】有两股主要力量形成了美国：一是欧洲民族带来的不同思想、风俗和民族特征，二是这个新国家在改变这些特征之后造成的影响。

48【参考译文】但是，美国特有的地理条件、不同种族间的相互影响、以及在这片蛮荒的新大陆上维持旧秩序的万分艰难，带来了巨大的变化。

49【参考译文】十五、十六世纪的探索发现了北美洲，又过了一百多年，第一艘满载移民的航船跨过大西洋驶向这片土地，即现在的美国。

50【参考译文】原始森林树木种类繁多，是一座真正的宝库，从缅因州向南一直延伸至乔治亚州。

Section IV Writing

Part A

51.Directions:

Youare going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 wordsrecommending a book to the club members.

Youshould state reasons for your recommendation.

Youshould write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Donot sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.

Do notwrite the address. (10 points)

【参考范文】

DearFriends,

I amwriting to recommend to you a wonderful book, The Seventh Key, which is notonly conductive to your study but also beneficial to your life.

Thebook tells a story that two nephews of an old man try hard to find the seventhkey first in order to win the legacy. It discloses the “money-first” attitudeand heartlessness of people and tutors people about the life philosophy of “Nopains, no gains”. What’s more, the beautiful language in this original Englishbook may contribute to your study of English in listening, speaking, readingand writing.

Ihope you would enjoy the book and share your opinion on the next readingsession.

Yourssincerely,

LiMing

PartB

52.Directions:

Writean essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay youshould

1)describe the drawing briefly

2)explain its intended meaning, and

3)give your comments

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points) 

手机时代的聚会

【参考范文】

Unfoldedin the elaborately painted cartoon is a thought-provoking scene: fouryoungsters are sitting together to have their gathering feast. However, much oftheir attention has been attached to their mobile cell phones, totallyforgetting what they are gathering for. Just as is put in the caption of thiscartoon, it is typically a“Dinner party in mobile era.”

Thispicture is naturally associated with a wide-spreading phenomenon incontemporary society—too much addiction to the mobile phones. Indeed, we haveall stepped into an era of getting and staying in touch with others throughtelecommunication. Each of us seems close to another under this circumstance,but we have to look at the side-effect of the technology: the high-techelectronic products also cut off the face-to-face communication. To bespecific, in our daily life, it’s not uncommon that on buses or subways, orwalking on the road, we are all playing with phones or pads for recreation,such as reading novels, watching videos or movies, surfing the Internet, and soon, even though we travel with our friends, parents or loved one.

Evidently,we should take a rational attitude towards this issue, but how? The mediashould promote the awareness of healthy lifestyle among the public, especiallythe young. Meanwhile, social activities, either in communities or on campuses,should be launched so that people can get back to the real world.